The main objective of NFV is to move network functions from dedicated hardware appliances to software running on commodity servers, storage devices, and switches, using standard IT virtualization technologies. The main benefits of NFV are increased flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in network infrastructure. With NFV, network functions can be dynamically provisioned, scaled up or down, and migrated across different physical servers and data centers. This enables network operators to respond more quickly to changing traffic patterns and service demands, without the need for manual configuration and hardware upgrades. Figure 1a Figure 1b NFV is often used in conjunction with Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for transmission, which provides a centralized control plane for managing network traffic flows and policies. Together, NFV and SDN can help network operators create more agile, efficient, and scalable networks that can adapt to the changing needs of modern applicati...